It was suggested that RNA-based regulation plays a role in this DnaA homoeostasis, but the identities of the riboregulator(s) and the intracellular signal(s) are unknown. In Escherichia coli and other Gammaproteobacteria, the cellular concentration of DnaA is nearly constant in cultures growing with doubling times between 22 and 150 min. DnaA is the master regulator of the initiation and therefore, the regulation of dnaA expression is crucial for the cell. Virtually all bacteria have DnaA protein that initiates chromosome replication. Furthermore, our data suggest that rnTrpL contributes to the DnaA homoeostasis in dependence on the nutrient availability, which is represented by the tryptophan level in the cell. Thus, rnTrpL is a base-pairing sRNA that posttranscriptionally regulates dnaA in E. Moreover, upon addition of tryptophan to minimal medium cultures, the oriC level in the wild type was increased. In line with this, chromosomal rnTrpL mutation abolishing the interaction with dnaA increased both the dnaA mRNA and the oriC level. In minimal medium, the oriC level was increased in the ΔtrpL mutant, in line with the expected DnaA overproduction and increased initiation of chromosome replication. Base pairing between rnTrpL and dnaA mRNA in vivo was validated. The decrease of the dnaA mRNA level upon rnTrpL overproduction was dependent on hfq and rne. Overexpression and deletion of the rnTrpL gene decreased and increased, respectively, the levels of dnaA mRNA. In Escherichia coli, its level is higher in minimal than in rich medium due to derepressed transcription without external tryptophan supply. The sRNA rnTrpL is derived from the transcription attenuator of the tryptophan biosynthesis operon. In a bioinformatic prediction, which we made to unravel targets of the sRNA rnTrpL in Enterobacteriaceae, the dnaA mRNA was the most conserved target candidate. The DnaA level remains stable at different growth rates, suggesting a link between metabolism and dnaA expression. Usher in is somewhat less weighty than inaugurate.DnaA is the initiator protein of chromosome replication, but the regulation of its homoeostasis in enterobacteria is not well understood. The work started slowly How are the words usher in and inaugurate related as synonyms of initiate? While the synonyms start and initiate are close in meaning, start, opposed to stop, applies especially to first actions, steps, or stages. The discovery of penicillin inaugurated a new era in medicine Where would start be a reasonable alternative to initiate? The meanings of inaugurate and initiate largely overlap however, inaugurate suggests a beginning of some formality or notion of significance. Initiated diplomatic contacts How does the word begin relate to other synonyms for initiate?īegin, start, and commence are often interchangeable, with begin, opposed to end, being the most general.īegan dancing How is commence related to other words for initiate?Ĭommence can be more formal or bookish than begin or start.Ĭommenced a conversation When would inaugurate be a good substitute for initiate? While all these words mean "to take the first step in a course, process, or operation," initiate implies taking a first step in a process or series that is to continue. Some common synonyms of initiate are begin, commence, inaugurate, start, and usher in. Frequently Asked Questions About initiate How is the word initiate different from other verbs like it?
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